The China Hustle: Trailer & Documentary

The China Hustle is a recently released documentary from Academy Award winner Alex Gibney and Academy Award nominees Frank Marshall and Jed Rothstein and the producers of Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room.  The China Hustle features the story of the wave of Chinese reverse mergers that swept the market a few years ago.

It details a play by play of the various frauds that took place and the short sellers involved in discovering and drawing attention to them.  Featured in the documentary are the likes of Jim Chanos of Kynikos Associates, Carson Block of Muddy Waters Research, Soren Aandahl of Glaucus Research and more.

The trailer is embedded below with a preview. 

The China Hustle Documentary Trailer



The documentary is out now.  You don't even have to go to a movie theater to watch it.  It's on demand via various platforms and you can get it on Amazon Video here for only $6.99.

Sohn Conference Hong Kong Notes 2017: Block, Krishnan, Shah & More

The 2017 Sohn Conference in Hong Kong recently took place and featured managers sharing investment ideas to benefit the Karen Leung Foundation for gynecological cancer.  Here's quick summaries of each speaker's stock idea and pitch from the Asia Society Hong Kong Center.


Sohn Conference Hong Kong Notes 2017

Carson Block (Muddy Waters): Short Man Wah Holdings (1999.HK).  Pitch highlighted taxes and concerns over debt and free cashflow.  Also questioned sales from export.  He thinks they generate 50% of net income from Macau but has a 0% tax rate?  "Our opinion is this is tax evasion at best, but we think more likely a major component of financial fraud."  Says company has undisclosed debt off books and total debt is around 48% greater than reported.  "MWH has inconsistencies in its taxes, a strong indicator of fraud.  MWH has an entity in Macau that books over half of consolidated net profits.  Fieldwork casts doubt on China sales growth story."


Eashwar Krishnan (Tybourne Capital): Long Rolls Royce (RR.LN).  Argued that its position as a UK manufacturer with currency weakness makes the company stronger.  "Rolls Royce's 3-year expected return of 85% including dividends, thanks to around a 10% free cashflow yield."  Likes the new management team and CEO Warren East, thinks they can improve margins.  Highlighted disparity between RR at 5.3% margin and main competition GE/Safran at ~20%.  Says capex and research/development will be source of operating leverage and RR can double its market share over the next decade, highlighting company's large order book growing.  Aerospace engine makers are an attractive business model as it's a razor/razor blade model with pricing power on the aftermarket service portion of the business.  High barriers to entry, sizeable investment costs, strong regulatory hurdles.  Duopoly (one of 2 engine makers in widebody and 3 engine makers overall).  Points to secular growth in miles flown.  Accelerating global travel is the key driver for RR.  Prior to founding Tybourne, Krishnan was the Asia head at Lone Pine Capital.


Shashin Shah (Think Investments): Long Indiabulls Real Estate (IBREL).  Play on Indian real estate restructuring.  Bull market there created by increasing affordability and government regulations that are favorable (Real Estate Regulatory Act: RERA).  Thinks it can double over the next 3 years, says co has excellent track record of execution.


James Tu (Nine Masts Capital): Long Sina convertible bonds/Weibo (WB).  Play Weibo via Sina convertible bond.  SINA 1% 12/1/2018 Convertible Bond.  CB Price 106, Matures with accrued 101, conversion price 115.88.  Thinks Sina's CEO may do everything to "push up WB valuation through spinning off."  Sees 50% margin of safety here, argues it is a much smaller Facebook.  Has MAU of 340 million, 154 million DAU, $16b market cap.


Seth Fischer (Oasis Management): Long Sony (SNE / 6758.JP).  Valuation is not demanding (just under 17x forward earnings and 5.7x EV/EBITDA), high potential to grow, sees 39% upside as management completes turnaround.  Thinks they should start diversifying financial risk better, bring in partners, and utilize tax farming for movie production better.  Entertainment is a strength for the company as it grows its TV programming biz.  Argues it's one of the best players in virtual reality (VR).  PlayStation players spend a lot of time with the device and have attractive demographics.  Company has solid corporate governance.  Notes company's revenue from third party gaming software is growing 11-30% annually. 


Dan David (FG Alpha Management): Short Dali Foods Group.  Company's operating costs are too low he argues (a third of peers' costs).  His concerns include: advertising expenses, cash advances, capex spending, low operating expenses, SAT and SAIC inconsistencies. "We consulted an industry expert to estimate Dali's capex spend in 2013-2014.  Their cumulative estimate for both years is about $1 billion RMB less than Dali reported.  Based on our research, the company's operating expenses and salary are unbelievably lower than publicly traded peers."  Compared Dali's costs to WantWant.  David said he's also still short Fullshare 607.HK


Ethan Devine (Indus Capital): Long Yahoo Japan (4689.JP).  Sees shares doubling as it's one of the biggest value creators in Japan and dominant digital advertising play there.  Thinks EPS can see CAGR of 26% through 2020 and co can reduce share count by 36%.  Also posited that it's possible for Alibaba to sell its stake in Yahoo JP.


Yuet Wei Wan (Wei Capital): Long Great Wall Motor (2333.HK).  Chinese automaker, local brands gaining market share.  Largest SUV maker has product upgrade this year.  Sees 48% upside in base case and 100% upside in best case.  Targeting 5-8x 2018 PE with a price range of HKD 7-17.  "The Street already thinks it's going to fail."  Sell side estimates have EPS growth from (5%) in 2017 up to 6% in 2018 while she thinks it will head from (9%) this year to 45% in 2018 with a 7% jump in ROE year over year.  Says they're following the Hyundai playbook of selling affordable premium cars.


Brandon Lin (SPQ Asia Capital): Long Momo.  Long the Chinese dating world, livestreaming, social platform.  Thinks recent price drop is an attractive entry point.  "Momo can continuously grow thanks to its short video business and strong campaign."  Highlighted time spent per daily active user per day.  Momo beats YY, Weibo, Kuaishou, and Inka.  Momo has over 200 million registered users and 85 million MAU.


Rajesh Sachdeva (Flowering Tree Investement Management): Long Shankara Building Products.  Notes how home improvement stores have done well around the world (i.e. Home Depot).  Thinks can do well in India as GDP and middle class grows in the country.  Shankara is the largest organized retailer in India for home improvement.  Sees revenue growing 18-20% and margins expanding by 40-50 basis points per year for 3-5 years, so earnings grow around 25% with ROCE of around 27%


Michael Lowy (SC Lowy): Long Peabody Energy (BTU).  Been a career debt investor but pitched common stock here as an equity reorg play, sees around 60% upside as company ramps cash flow and is reintroduced to the capital markets.  Used a blend of 5.5x !*E EBITDA and a 9% FCF yield to get to $37.5 per share.  It's historically traded at a premium (1-2x) of Arch Coal, which would yield $29-36 per share.  He expects dividend and buyback program.  "Conversion of cash-backed LC's into bank guaranteed LC's will release ~$4/share in cash.  Net cash position by the first half of 2018. 


Arjun Menon (Highbridge Capital): Long KEPCO (Korean Electric Power ~ 015760.KR).  Likes it due to low valuation, stable dividend.  Forward ROE goes up while forward P/B stays low.


For more coverage of recent investment conferences, head to our notes from Sohn New York Conference, as well as notes from the London Value Investor Conference.

Notes From Sohn San Francisco 2016: Morfit, McGuire, Palihapitiya & More

Below are notes from the 2016 Sohn San Francisco investment conference where investment managers presented their latest ideas to benefit charities.  We also posted up notes from the Next Wave Sohn San Francisco conference as well that featured emerging managers.

Notes From Sohn San Francisco 2016 Conference


Mason Morfit, ValueAct Capital

• Idea: Long Morgan Stanley (MS)
• Try to find businesses with enduring franchise value
• 3 defined business units
• 7 defined revenue types
• Did a lot of work to understand the unit economics
• 75% of the revenue and 85% of the profit come from asset light fee based businesses (not capital intensive businesses)
• Long term trend is very positive
• MS has maintained and in some cases grown its share in wealth management and investment banking advisory 
• Risk factors: earnings decline, principal loss, liquidity/access to capital

Mick McGuire, Marcato Capital Management

• Idea: Long Buffalo Wild Wings (BWLD)
• Owns 5% of the company
• Differentiated concept focused on wings, beers, sports
• ~1,200 units with potential to grow to 1,700 units
• Long history of industry leading same store sales (SSS) growth
• Central component of investment thesis:
• Differentiated concept with long runway for growth
• SSS declines and capital allocation missteps have hurt shares
• Opportunity to create shareholder value by: transitioning to a 90%+ franchised model by 2020, improve 4 wall margins (several hundred bps opportunity), and optimize capital structure
• Multiple has compressed as traffic has slowed and costs continue to rise
• When growth slowed, BWLD acquired franchised stores for high multiples
• Average replacement cost is ~$2.3mm per unit but in 2015, spent $3.5mm per unit - overpaid; bad use of capital
• Incentives are weighted singularly towards growth, not ROI
• While unit volumes have increased significantly since IPO, ROI has decreased because the cost to build a unit has increased
• Franchised businesses command higher multiples; higher franchise mix correlated with higher multiples
• BWLD is 50/50 today but recommending that they go to 90% franchised model by refranchising units at multiple of 6.0x EBITDA
• Valuation: if they can move to a higher franchised model range of value from $218 to $311 (versus ~$141 today)

Chamath Palihapitiya, Social Capital

•  Primarily invests in fast growing private tech companies
• Multi-trillion dollar opportunity hiding in plain sight
• Retail will be a $1T business by 2025
• Every company succeeds based on three factors: build a great product with great market fit, develops adjacent products in deep verticals, invests in features to drive ARPU
• Amazon (AMZN) thesis based on AWS and outsourcing infrastructure spending and moving it to the cloud; reshaping economics by taking out costs
• Similar concept for software that will move to the cloud

• Idea: Long Workday (WDAY) 
• $100bn opportunity in 10 years; 20% IRR
• Workday is the system of record for HR and is viewed as the best in class product among CIOs
• Leading market share supporting the largest global employee bases including Samsung, McDonalds, IBM
• HCM product manages 19mm employees on behalf of its employers
• Adjacent products in deep verticals: Workday Financials - system of record to manage financials; now manages financials for global companies
• Invest in features to drive ARPU (payroll and many other features)
• Rapid pace of innovation
• Workday competes against Oracle (ORCL) and SAP (SAP)
• Lowest spend on M7A over the last 5 years
• "M&A is what you do when what you do doesn't work anymore."
• Done< $0.3bn over last 5 years, SAP and Oracle have had a lot of M&A
• Netflix ability to close the books and file with the SEC went down significantly with Workday versus Oracle
• Workday is an enterprise product company
• Best management team in software
• Fully aligned, long term oriented
• 97% customer satisfaction; very high consistent with consumer tech like Facebook, Google, Apple but this is enterprise tech
• Following the Salesforce playbook but doing it better
• $100bn company in 10 years

Carson Block, Muddy Waters Capital

• Idea: Short Tutor Perini (TPC)
• Construction company
• Nearly all analysts have the stock as a buy
• FCF is the Achilles heel - the company bleeds cash in working capital driven by growing accounts receivable
• Loan agreement has been amended 6 times in 5 years and there is a chance that banks could pull RC facility; Business has $94mm of cash on BS but 79% of cash sits in JV so it could run into a major liquidity problem
• 4 CFOs over 9 years
• Summary: business can't consistently generate cash, projected earnings growth highly questionable, lack of management credibility, and liquidity could become challenged

Mihir Wohra, PIMCO

• Idea #1: Rates trade - Hawkish Fed
• Market is currently underpricing the possibility of a Fed hike or that there will just be one hike
• Buy a pair: buy a put on the 1 year rate

• Idea #2: Dovish Fed - Buy REITs
• REIT prices tend to be correlated to equities over the short-term but underlying economic factors prevail over the long term
• Will do well if Fed doesn't raise rates or cuts

• Idea #3: Commodities trade: Long call options on 2018 Natural Gas - No Fed correlation
• In the midst of global price convergence that will pull US natural gas prices higher while lowering global prices; US is opening new LNG export terminals and US nat gas is the cheapest in the world so there are buyers
• Buying 2018 at a discount to 2017 is attractive given US LNG exports are only increasing over the next few years

• Idea #4: Bonus trade: sell puts / buy calls on October VIX Futures
• Volatility should rise towards long term averages if election stays close
• Volatility could rise more if Trump probability of winning increases

• Idea #5: Bonus trade: Currencies - works if Trump win probability decreases
• Mexican peso has significantly underperformed other EM and commodity currencies in 2016 due to possibility of Trump victory and tougher US policies toward Mexico

Jeff Osher, Harvest Capital Strategies

• Idea: Long Echostar (SATS)
• Global provider of satellite services, video, delivery solutions and broadband satellite technologies
• Echostar Technologies: set top box business with $1.3bn revenue; $100mm EBITDA, 7.6% EBITDA margins
• Satellite services: $445mm revenue; 84% EBITDA margins; very good business with long dated contracts
• HughesNet: $1/4bn revenue; provide consumer broadband for households that can't get wired broadband
• Duopoly: Hughes and Viasat
• Hughes has 1mm subscribers with 30% EBITDA margin
• Business is capacity constrained
• 2016 launches will drive 50% revenue growth for Hughes within 3 years.  Given higher incremental margins, EBITDA should nearly double
• Sum of the parts valuation results in target price of $71.76 (versus today at ~$44)
• Other actions could result in homerun scenarios: Echostar Technologies divestiture, Echo Mobile, Dish Mexico, Sling TV, Brazil orbital slot, Pay TV, positioning for opportunistic M&A

Joseph Lawler MD, JFL Capital Management

• Idea: Short IP Group (IPO.LSE)
• Publicly traded fund that invests in healthcare companies
• Most publicly traded investment firms trade at a discount to NAV but IPO trades at a premium
• Adverse selection process - they seem to invest in companies that other VCs have passed on
• Investments are overvalued especially investment in Oxford Nanopore.  It's a DNA sequencing company; the cost of DNA sequencing has gone down significantly and has become commoditized

Arjun Divecha, Grantham May Van Otterloo & Co

• Idea: Investing in Indian financials (non state-owned banks)
• Never think of an emerging market as a place to permanently put capital
• India from a long term point of view looks pretty good as a place to invest - well positioned for economic growth over next 5 years
• Private sector financials are taking market share away from state owned banks
• Dependency ratio looks pretty good in the future versus other countries like US, Japan, and China.  Dependency ratio = ratio of non-working to working people
• India looks good because of improving fiscal discipline, improving inflation, current account benefiting from oil windfall (big importer of oil), capacity utilization is very low
• India is massively under-urbanized
• Household debt to GDP is 9% versus US where it is ~100%
• Huge scope for increase in consumer loans
• Pitch was about investing in non state-owned banks, like publicly traded ones such as HDFC Bank, Axis Bank, IndusInd Bank and Yes Bank; State owned banks can't make loans anymore due to loan issues
• The private banks are very well run; 3-6-3 banks
• Not easy for foreign investors - must have access to local market
• HDFC Bank (HDB) and ICICI Bank (IBN) are listed on the NYSE 
• 4-5% net interest margins
• Valuations are high but earnings growth has historically justified high valuation
• HDFC trading at 4.5x price to book
• 26.7% earnings growth over 20 years
• Thesis summary: well positioned for economic growth, low penetration of financial sector, well run financials are taking market share from well run banks

Peter Palmedo, Sun Valley Gold

• Idea: Gold: data and dogma
• Discovered Summers-Barsky Gold Thesis: price of gold is driven by the real return in capital markets
• From 2002 to 2015 gold real return was 7.9% versus a blended real return of 4.5%
• China gold demand in excess of domestic supply
• Most PMs hold unsubstantiated beliefs about gold but the algorithmic, data driven models will get it
• Own gold in the simplest form
• Cheap, safe and stable; think about gold in the context of portfolio insurance and risk diversification 
• Buy gold if you think we are in a low real return world

Be sure to also check out the presentations from the Next Wave Sohn San Francisco conference as well, which featured emerging fund managers.

Notes From Sohn Conference New York 2016: Druckenmiller, Robbins, Einhorn & More

The 2016 Sohn Conference New York just concluded and featured top hedge fund managers sharing investment ideas in order to benefit the Sohn Conference Foundation which is dedicated to the treatment and cure of pediatric cancer and childhood diseases.  Here's the takeaways:


Notes From Sohn Conference New York 2016


Larry Robbins (Glenview Capital): “Get a Grip.” Theme was stocks can be a bumpy ride for investors, and hedge funds have taken a lot of hits in the press, but if you expect them to not be short-term traders, then don’t judge them by their short-term records.   He talked his book; claiming that fundamental investing is not dead.   He is long: VCA (WOOF) – Veternarian hospital, multiple has compressed as earnings have grown and “There is no Obamacare for Veternarian hospitals.” Also pitched his longstanding holding of Thermo Fisher Scientific (TMO).  Yes, it has FX issues, but it has EPS growth.  Pitched Lab Corp (LH) as well: hit by fears of new technology, but Theranos story shows that it’s not that easy to come up with new technology. On CBS (CBS): the viewing model is changing, with over-the-top (OTT), but content still has value.   Flextronics (FLEX): they got out of the low value business, but still grew revenue 3% and EPS 15% yet their P/E is only 8.5x.  The stock fell in February 19% and nobody knows why. Abbvie (ABBV): has a pipeline, Humira has IP protection, and biosimilars will take time to develop. Brookdale Senior Living (BKD): earning less, but still, oversold. Talked about Anthem (ANTM): 1.     Managed care is still a good business  2.     Cigna (CI) merger could lead to 20% accretion  3.     ANTM vs ESRX contract repricing spat could lead to more earnings  4.     Market pricing says deal breaks, he doesn’t think it will.


Carson Block (Muddy Waters):  Famed short seller says, “No such thing as alchemy in banking” and touts Bank of the Ozarks (OZRK) as a short because they’ve done a lot of aggressive construction loans and acquisitions. Best case stock re-rates due to unsustainable EPS growth rate, worst case, balance sheet pressure.


John Khoury (Long Pond Capital):  Value oriented, private equity approach. Hyatt (H) long. Says 65% upside, and low leverage gives a floor to valuation.  Admits Pritzker family controls company but says they make good capital allocation decisions. Low end, leisure hotels most vulnerable to AirBnB threat.  Hyatt has more corporate, higher end, which is relatively insulated. Not making a bullish call on all hotel stocks.  Saying Hyatt since 2010 IPO, EBITDA is up 66%, shares up only 14% while they have bought back 20% of shares outstanding.    Uses SOTP to get $79 PT, 65% upside.


Chamath Palihapitiya (Social Capital):  Silicon Valley investor. Says Amazon (AMZN) is a multi-trillion monopoly in plain sight. Walked through e-Commerce, Amazon Web Services (AWS), says this is just the beginning, that Jeff Bezos will make good investment decisions. Says AWS is not understood by the Street and could be worth a lot more. (Seems like the AWS bull case is already widely touted by AMZN bulls?) Lots of potential losers as AWS scales.


Jeff Smith (Starboard Value): Activists. In 12 years they have replaced 162 board members at 50 companies. Likes Depomed (DEPO) long, pain medication, like Oxycontin, less abuse potential. Not taking price increases. Horizon Pharma (HZNP) tried to buy them, they refused to deal. Starboard has nominated a new board- sounds like a proxy battle is brewing.   Also like Westrock (WRK), merger of Mead WestVaco and Rock Tenn.  Sounds like a commodity business, but he says it is not, and it’s still cheap, at 4.9x 2017E EBITDA. Has $71 PT, almost a double from here.


Richard Deitz (VR Capital):  They do a lot of emerging markets stuff. He says long Greek banks and Greek treasury bonds.  Went through the sordid history of bailouts, and says now things are better, the banks are finally strong, may need one more round of recapitalizations.  141% upside, 34% IRR over next 3 years.


Stanley Druckenmiller (Duquesne Family Office): In a sentence: we have low rates, high multiples on stocks, high leverage, sell stocks and everything, buy gold.  Fed is out of control, encouraging borrowing, reckless behavior. China is out of control, just buy gold.


Jeff Gundlach (DoubleLine Capital): Comedy show, with art talk in the beginning.  In other words, his usual type of presentation. Says short XLU (utilities) long REM (mortgage REITs.)  REITS are priced at 0.88x p/book, with 11% dividend, Utilities are 1.9x p/book with 3% dividend, you earn 8% net and you can lever it up 100% and earn 15%, plus the two should converge. He mocked the “low volatility” equities and showed that even utilities have had 56% drawdowns in the past. His most incendiary statement was that Donald Trump would be President, and “he’s comfortable with debt.”


Zach Schreiber (PointState Capital): He is the man that pitched oil short 2 years ago, when it was $100 per barrel.   Long USD, short the Saudi currency, he says.  He made a compelling case for why Saudi is in an “unsustainable equilibria” with lavish unfunded entitlements, unsustainable debt, and not enough currency reserves to protect their peg. Other oil producers’ currencies are down 25- 45% vs the dollar- Mexico, Norway, Russia, for example, yet the Saudi currency is unchanged.  Only costs 1.5% to put this trade on and very asymmetric pay off.


Sohn Investment Contest Winner (Mark Grow, Columbia Business School):   DXCM, Dexcom short was the pitch. Insulin device maker (continuous glucose monitoring ~ CGM) which is facing impending competition and is unable to increase price as revenue per user declines. Says stock can drop in half.


Adam Fisher (Commonwealth Opportunity Capital):  Real estate background, now a Macro guy. Says short Japanese rates, long European rates. Very compelling case for how long JGBs that yield only 30 bps have nowhere to go but up. Even a move to 40 bps yield wipes out 10 years of return.  Says maximum return for bondholders is 9% return over 30 years - that is not a CAGR of 9%, that is a TOTAL of 9%!  Huge convexity in the trade.


David Einhorn (Greenlight Capital): He pitched Caterpillar (CAT) short, says company is NOT at trough earnings yet and the mining sector will never recover to the heights of the China boom.  No catalyst on the short, other than EPS growth expected to take longer than expected.  Then he pitched General Motors (GM) as a long, admitting that US business would drop off almost 20% but the currently money losing segments in Europe and Mexico could make up for the shortfall.  Long deck with lots of charts and cartoons as usual.  GM pitch rested on low P/E of 5.6x to increase despite US EBITDA to decline.


Jim Chanos (Kynikos Associates): Got a dig in on Tesla (TSLA), which he had said he was short earlier that day on TV.  He said Elon Musk had not enough production, not enough batteries, and now not enough executives, but he pulls production forward 2 years.  “What a showman,” he said. His pitch was a complicated one, talking about weakness in South Africa, and Nigeria, which led to a short of MTN group, a wireless carrier which is also struggling with subscriber growth and declining average revenue per user (ARPU).  At $20B EV, this is a big company that he says is not cheap.

Carson Block Short Proofpoint: Sohn London Presentation

We're posting up notes from the Sohn London Investment Conference 2015.  Next up is Carson Block of Muddy Waters who pitched a short of Proofpoint (PFPT).


Carson Block's Sohn London Presentation 2015

Short Proofpoint (NAS: PFPT) 

Proofpoint is priced for perfection. They went public in 2012. Block said that the more Proofpoint sells the more it loses. There is something wrong with the business model as they have had plenty of time to turn sales into profit.

Management mischaracterise their company as a cyber security company but it only focuses on email. Email security is a tiny market compared to cyber. Email security is a mature market. The number of business emails might actually be shrinking according to one analyst.

Management fudges the organic growth numbers. The real figure is much less than the market thinks.

Proofpoint is facing increasing competitive pressures. Microsoft, Google and Cisco are putting more effort into email security and are catching up. Proofpoint are losing some of their big accounts. Billing and revenue rates are flat lining. The growth rate is at risk. Proofpoint will not be able to maintain its premium pricing and there are already signs they are selling software at greater discounts. Many companies do not see email security as vitally important and are happy to use a free product that is good enough.



Be sure to check out the rest of the Sohn London Conference presentations.

Carson Block's Value Investing Congress Presentation: Short 500.com (WBAI)

We're posting up notes from the 2014 Value Investing Congress in New York. Next up is Carson Block of Muddy Waters Research who talked about short selling/fraud and presented a new short idea: 500.com (WBAI). His presentation was called "Avoiding Blue Pill Investing."


Carson Block's Value Investing Congress Presentation

• Obvious reference to The Matrix – some investors tend to “take the blue pill” during bullish times or  in other words, willfully ignore negative signs. Carson says if you have taken the blue pill, you need   to be prepared to unwind quickly when the inevitable mean reversion rears its head

Many things tilt the playing field against investors:

Management
o Often short-term focused. To remedy, check the proxy and remember the absolute dollar  value of comp. If a CEO can earn $30mm in 3 years, that's short term any way you slice it.  
o CEOs tend to be charismatic, and the more successful a CEO is, the less willing he/she is to   being held accountable 
o Solution: management is better seen, not heard. Reading transcripts is better than listening   to calls.  
o Compare transcripts chronologically, looking for disappearing initiatives and changes in   language. Are questions systematically evaded? If so, which ones? Are questions often the   same each quarter? If so, ask yourself if sell side seems too close to management to ask the   hard questions 
o Insider selling is also very significant. 10b-5 plans are smart because they give management   cover/deniable plausibility. They can also lock in value of their shares without actually selling

Board of Directors
o Often have a symbiotic relationship with CEOs 
o Insulated from negligence liability by BJR, insulated from other liability by D&O insurance 
o Many directors view directorships as perquisites, not responsibilities.  
o Independent investigations often “shambolic”

Lawyers
o Never forget that lawyers represent the interest of their clients, or the people who hire and  pay them 
o Prestigious law firms are a surprisingly effective fig leaf and are great at writing   indecipherable prose. If you ever find yourself reading a passage in a filing and, halfway   through, realize that you didn’t understand anything, that is probably on purpose 
o Attorney-client privilege hides acts of corporate wrongdoing and  
o "Fraud lawyers are eternal" - John Hempton

Auditors
o Auditors are completely misunderstood by the investing community. Like lawyers, they  represent the interest of their clients (the people who pay them) 
o Auditing is a profession that rewards failure. Why? Whenever a company is found to   potentially have serious fraud, the accounting issues lock the auditor to its accounting firm   “for life” 
o Reason: Say you're an accounting firm and a partner had a blowup. You can’t throw   them out because you immediately worry about other clients that they've audited. The   accounting firm has imperfect information, doesn’t know when they'll get sued and for   what. Therefore they want to keep these bad actors around to exculpate the firm from   liability 
o Audit is also a profession that fights accountability. The PCOB is trying to keep auditors’   names from being disclosed on publicly filed documents 
o Audits aren't designed to detect fraud. Instead they presume that documents not forged   and that management is telling the truth 
o The most important function of the auditor is cash confirmation at year/quarter. A lot of this   is gruntwork that is done by juniors. As investors we have no idea how thorough the cash  confirmation was and it tends to be more cursory. This isn't just a China problem either

Banks
o The bank’s imperative is to sell financial product. Analysts aren’t rewarded for skepticism.  Like audit work, junior bankers tend to do the key due diligence tasks

Market Research Firms
o Can actually be a great source for short ideas. The SEC should investigate 
o S1 filings often cite market research that is fabricated. Companies pay for it, provide the   data, and feed the research house people that they should talk for their “research” 
o Research houses are provide people to talk to. No disclaimer.  
o Tianhe short idea – Carson says they aren’t in it, but Anonymous Analytics made a good   point that the research firm that the company used completely fabricated the data

Thoughts on Chinese companies:
• China is to stock fraud as Silicon Valley is to tech 
• Country is run as a kleptocracy... should we be surprised that companies are as well?  
• Investors have become complacent once again about the risks 
• No fraudster from China has ever been meaningfully punished for defrauding North American   investors. Carson doesn't blame the Chinese for this because US and Chinese courts don't recognize   judgments against each other. The US simply has no jurisdiction  
• VIEs: owner of listcos don't even own the operating company. Look at tax rates for proof

Recent Lessons Learned From Shorts: RAX, BLNX.LN, X Group (Eike Batista's fallen empire)
• RAX: Investors were lost in the word 'cloud' when RAX was at its core a plain old internet host with  no magic to the business. Larry Ellison ranted on the stupidity of the market’s obsession with the   cloud in 2009, saying that the cloud is just a computer. RAX CEO was also selling an image of being a   technologist (went as far as to wear Google Glass to speaking panels... looked ridiculous) 
• BLNX.LN: Harvard Professor Ben Edelman is a bit of an “internet sheriff” and good to follow. He   published a report on Blinkx, alleging that they were defrauding customers. Muddy Waters dug   deeper and saw evidence of the same 
• X Group: Batista was obsessed with passing Carlos Slim to be wealthiest person in the world. Carson   saw him speak in 2011 and said he was very nationalistic and claimed that his group of companies   was what Brazil deserves. Q&A was also a joke. One questioner went as far as to ask what he would  do if he were president


New Short: 500.com (WBAI)

• Sells online sports lotto tickets with a $1.2bn market cap and 37x P/E 
• Market expects that WBAI will be explicitly authorized to sell sport lotto tickets but that will only   open up to more competition 
• 500.com is selling on behalf of provincial lotteries. 500.com gets 10-11% fees which are far in excess   of the 5-6% that others are getting in the industry 
• When the new regulatory regime is implemented, fees will come down to 4% 
• Chinese Ministry of Finance also prohibits cross-border sales of these tickets and it seems like seems   like 500.com is selling cross-border, particularly in Jianxi province 
• If that’s not enough, 500.com has been playing the lottery themselves and actually won $2mm from   playing the lottery in 2013 (50% of pretax income)
• Major red flag – employee bank accounts are used to collect winnings. 500.com claims that you  have to be a natural person to get paid and this is why they set it up this way. Carson thinks this   makes it extremely easy to commit fraud 
• Another flag – discrepancy between claimed mobile downloads and downloads as indicated on 3rd  party sites


Be sure to check out the rest of the Value Investing Congress presentations here.